Uburozi bwa Omicron bwagabanutse ku rugero rungana iki? Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwakozwe mu buryo bufatika bwagaragaje

“Uburwayi bwa Omicron buri hafi y’ubwa grippe y’ibihe” kandi “Omicron ntabwo itera indwara nyinshi cyane ugereranyije na Delta”. …… Vuba aha, amakuru menshi yerekeye uburwayi bw’ubwoko bushya bwa Omicron bwahindutse crown mutant yakwirakwiriye kuri interineti.

Mu by’ukuri, kuva aho ubwoko bwa Omicron mutant bwagaragaye mu Gushyingo 2021 n’uko bukwirakwira ku isi yose, ubushakashatsi n’ibiganiro ku ndwara n’ikwirakwira byakomeje kugabanuka. Ni ubuhe bwoko bwa Omicron muri iki gihe? Ubushakashatsi bubivugaho iki?

Inyigo zitandukanye zo muri laboratwari: Omicron ntabwo itera ubukana bwinshi
Mu by’ukuri, kuva muri Mutarama 2022, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Kaminuza ya Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Ishami ry’Ubuganga bwagaragaje ko Omicron (B.1.1.529) ishobora kuba idatera indwara nyinshi ugereranije n’ubwoko bw’umwimerere n’ubundi bwoko bw’ibinyabuzima byahinduwe.
Byagaragaye ko ubwoko bwa Omicron mutant butari bufite ubushobozi bwo gukoresha transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2), mu gihe TMPRSS2 ishobora koroshya ukwinjira kwa virusi mu turemangingo tw’umubiri binyuze mu gukuraho poroteyine nshya ya coronavirus. Muri icyo gihe, abashakashatsi babonye ko ukwiyongera kwa Omicron kwagabanutse cyane mu turemangingo tw’umuntu Calu3 na Caco2.

Isoko ry'amashusho kuri interineti

Muri model ya k18-hACE2 y’imbeba, ukwiyongera kwa Omicron kwagabanutse haba mu myanya y’ubuhumekero yo hejuru no hasi y’imbeba ugereranije n’ubwoko bwa mbere ndetse n’ubwa Delta mutant, kandi indwara yayo y’ibihaha ntiyari ikomeye cyane, mu gihe ubwandu bwa Omicron bwateje kugabanuka kw’ibiro n’impfu nke ugereranyije n’ubwoko bwa mbere hamwe n’ubwoko bwa Alpha, Beta na Delta mutants.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, abashakashatsi basanze ko kwiyongera kwa Omicron no kwandura kwagabanutse mu mbeba.

Isoko ry'amashusho kuri interineti

Ku itariki ya 16 Gicurasi 2022, Nature yasohoye inyandiko yanditswe na Yoshihiro Kawaoka, umuhanga mu by’indwara z’ibicurane wo muri Kaminuza ya Tokyo na Kaminuza ya Wisconsin, yemeza bwa mbere mu icyitegererezo cy’inyamaswa ko Omicron BA.2 koko idatera ubukana bukabije ugereranyije n’ubwoko bwa mbere.

Abashakashatsi batoranyije virusi za BA.2 nzima zakuwe mu Buyapani kugira ngo zanduze imbeba na hamsters za k18-hACE2, maze basanga nyuma yo kwandura virusi imwe, imbeba za BA.2 na BA.1 zanduye zari zifite umubare muto cyane wa virusi mu bihaha no mu mazuru ugereranyije n’ubwandu bwa mbere bwa New Crown (p<0.0001).

Ibi bipimo bya zahabu byemeza ko Omicron koko idatera indwara nyinshi ugereranyije n’ubwoko bwa mbere bw’inyamaswa. Mu buryo bunyuranye, nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu miterere ya virusi mu bihaha no mu mazuru y’inyamaswa nyuma y’ubwandu bwa BA.2 na BA.1.

Isoko ry'amashusho kuri interineti

Isuzuma rya PCR load ya virusi ryagaragaje ko imbeba zanduye BA.2 na BA.1 zari zifite load nke ya virusi mu bihaha no mu mazuru ugereranyije n’ubwoko bwa mbere bwa New Crown, cyane cyane mu bihaha (p<0.0001).

Kimwe n'ibyavuye mu mbeba, umubare wa virusi wabonetse mu mazuru no mu bihaha bya hamsters zanduye BA.2 na BA.1 wari munsi y'ubwoko bwa mbere nyuma yo 'gutera' virusi ku rugero rumwe, cyane cyane mu bihaha, kandi ukaba munsi gato y'izuru rya hamsters zanduye BA.2 ugereranyije na BA.1 - mu by'ukuri, kimwe cya kabiri cya hamsters zanduye BA.2 ntizanduye ibihaha.

Byagaragaye kandi ko ubwoko bw’umwimerere, BA.2 na BA.1, butari bufite uburyo bwo guhuza imiterere y’amasera nyuma yo kwandura - bihuye n’ibyagaragaye mu bantu bo mu isi nyayo iyo banduye ubwoko bushya bw’amasera.

Isoko ry'amashusho kuri interineti

Amakuru afatika: Omicron ntabwo ishobora gutera indwara zikomeye

Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwavuzwe haruguru bwagaragaje kugabanuka k'ubukana bwa Omicron mu nyamaswa zo muri laboratwari, ariko se ni ko bimeze no mu buzima busanzwe?

Ku itariki ya 7 Kamena 2022, OMS yasohoye raporo isuzuma itandukaniro mu bukana bw'abantu banduye mu gihe cy'icyorezo cya Omicron (B.1.1.529) ugereranije n'icyorezo cya Delta.

Raporo yari irimo abarwayi bashya 16.749 barwariye mu mitsi y'umutima baturutse mu ntara zose za Afurika y'Epfo, harimo 16.749 barwaye icyorezo cya Delta (2021/8/2 kugeza 2021/10/3) na 17.693 barwaye icyorezo cya Omicron (2021/11/15 kugeza 2022/2/16). Abarwayi nabo bashyizwe mu byiciro by'abakomeye, abakomeye n'abatari abakomeye.

by’ingenzi: kuba warahawe umwuka uva mu mazuru, cyangwa umwuka wa ogisijeni n’umwuka wa ogisijeni uva mu mazuru ugenda wiyongera, cyangwa kuba warahawe ogisijeni yo mu mazuru hanze y’umubiri (ECMO), cyangwa kuba warashyizwe mu cyumba cy’abaganga bakomeye mu bitaro.
-bikabije (bikabije): yakiriye umwuka wa ogisijeni mu gihe cyo kujyanwa mu bitaro
-bidakabije: iyo nta na kimwe muri ibi byavuzwe haruguru cyujuje, umurwayi ntabwo aba akomeye cyane.

Imibare yagaragaje ko mu itsinda rya Delta, 49.2% bari barwaye indwara ikomeye, 7.7% bari barwaye indwara ikomeye, naho 28% by'abarwayi bose banduye Delta bari mu bitaro bapfa, mu gihe mu itsinda rya Omicron, 28.1% bari barwaye indwara ikomeye, 3.7% bari barwaye indwara ikomeye, naho 15% by'abarwayi bose banduye Omicron bari mu bitaro bapfa. Nanone, igihe cyo kumara cyari iminsi 7 mu itsinda rya Delta ugereranije n'iminsi 6 mu itsinda rya Omicron.

Byongeye kandi, raporo yasesenguye ibintu bigira ingaruka ku myaka, igitsina, uko urukingo ruhagaze n'ibindi bitera indwara, maze isanga Omicron (B.1.1.529) ifitanye isano n'amahirwe make yo kurwara indwara zikomeye kandi zikomeye (95% CI: 0.41 kugeza 0.46; p<0.001) ndetse n'amahirwe make yo gupfa mu bitaro (95% CI: 0.59 kugeza 0.65; p<0.001).

Isoko ry'amashusho kuri interineti

Ku bwoko butandukanye bwa Omicron, ubundi bushakashatsi bwasesenguye ubukana bwabyo mu buryo burambuye.

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’itsinda ryaturutse muri New England bwasesenguye abantu 20770 barwaye Delta, abantu 52605 barwaye Omicron B.1.1.529 na 29840 barwaye Omicron BA.2, maze busanga igipimo cy’impfu cyari 0.7% kuri Delta, 0.4% kuri B.1.1.529 na 0.3% kuri BA.2. Nyuma yo gukosora ibintu bidasanzwe, ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko ibyago byo gupfa byari bike cyane kuri BA.2 ugereranije na Delta na B.1.1.529.

Isoko ry'amashusho kuri interineti

Ubundi bushakashatsi bwakorewe muri Afurika y'Epfo bwasuzumye ibyago byo kujya mu bitaro ndetse n'ingaruka mbi ku ndwara ya Delta, BA.1, BA.2 na BA.4/BA.5. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko mu barwayi 98.710 bashya banduye bashyizwe mu isesengura, 3825 (3.9%) bajyanywe mu bitaro, muri bo 1276 (33.4%) barwaye indwara ikomeye.

Mu banduye indwara zitandukanye, 57.7% by'abarwayi banduye Delta barwaye indwara ikomeye (97/168), ugereranije na 33.7% by'abarwayi banduye BA.1 (990/2940), 26.2% by'abarwayi banduye BA.2 (167/637) na 27.5% by'abarwayi banduye BA.4/BA.5 (22/80). Isesengura rya Multivariate ryagaragaje ko amahirwe yo kurwara indwara ikomeye mu banduye Delta > BA.1 > BA.2, mu gihe amahirwe yo kurwara indwara ikomeye mu banduye BA.4/BA.5 atari atandukanye cyane ugereranije na BA.2.
Kugabanuka k'ubukana bw'indwara, ariko hakenewe kuba maso

Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe muri laboratwari n'amakuru nyayo yavuye mu bihugu byinshi byagaragaje ko Omicron n'ubwoko bwayo budatera indwara nyinshi kandi ko idatera indwara zikomeye kurusha ubwoko bw'umwimerere n'ubundi bwoko bw'ibinyabuzima byahinduwe.

Ariko, inyandiko yo gusuzuma mu kinyamakuru The Lancet cyo muri Mutarama 2022, yitwa 'Iyoroshye ariko ntabwo ari iyoroshye', yavuze ko nubwo ubwandu bwa Omicron bwagize 21% by'abantu bakiri bato bo muri Afurika y'Epfo bakirwa mu bitaro, igipimo cy'indwara zikomeye gishobora kwiyongera mu baturage bafite urwego rutandukanye rw'ubwandu n'urwego rutandukanye rw'inkingo. (Nyamara, muri uru rubyiruko rwo muri Afurika y'Epfo, 21% by'abarwayi bari mu bitaro banduye SARS-CoV-2 omicron bari bafite ikibazo gikomeye cy'uburwayi, igipimo gishobora kwiyongera no guteza ingaruka zikomeye mu gihe cy'icyorezo mu baturage bafite imiterere itandukanye y'abaturage n'urwego rwo hasi rw'ubudahangarwa bukomoka ku bwandu cyangwa bukomoka ku rukingo.)

Mu mpera za raporo ya OMS yavuzwe haruguru, itsinda ryavuze ko nubwo ubwoko bwa mbere bwagabanutseho ubukana bw’indwara, hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy’abarwayi ba Omicron (B.1.1.529) bari mu bitaro barwaye indwara zikomeye, kandi ko indwara zitandukanye nshya za crown mutants zakomeje gutera indwara nyinshi n’impfu mu bantu bageze mu za bukuru, bafite ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri budafite ubushobozi bwo kuvura cyangwa badafite urukingo. (Twakwibutsa kandi ko isesengura ryacu ritagomba gufatwa nk’iry’inkuru 'yoroshye'. Hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy’abarwayi ba Omicron bari mu bitaro barwaye indwara zikomeye naho 15% barapfa; imibare itari mike…Mu bantu batishoboye, ni ukuvuga abarwayi bageze mu zabukuru, mu baturage bafite ibibazo byinshi by’uburwayi, mu barwayi bafite intege nke no mu batarakingirwa, COVID-19 (VOC zose) ikomeje kugira uruhare mu ndwara nyinshi n’impfu.)

Amakuru yatanzwe mbere na Omicron ubwo yateraga iki cyorezo cya gatanu i Hong Kong yagaragaje ko kugeza ku ya 4 Gicurasi 2022, hari impfu 9115 mu barwayi 1192765 bashya bavutse mu gihe cy’iki cyorezo cya gatanu (igipimo cy’impfu za kera cya 0.76%) n’igipimo cy’impfu za kera cya 2.70% ku bantu barengeje imyaka 60 (hafi 19.30% by’iki kigero cy’imyaka ntibakingiwe).

Mu buryo bunyuranye, 2% by'abaturage ba Nouvelle-Zélande barengeje imyaka 60 ni bo bonyine badakingiwe, ibi bikaba bifitanye isano rikomeye n'igipimo gito cy'impfu z'ibikomoka ku bimera cya 0.07% ku cyorezo gishya cya Crown.

Ku rundi ruhande, nubwo bikunze kuvugwa ko Newcastle ishobora kuba indwara ikunze kugaragara mu bihe by'umwaka, hari impuguke mu bya siyansi zifite igitekerezo gitandukanye.

Abahanga batatu bo muri Kaminuza ya Oxford n'Ikigo cy'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi cyita ku Bushakashatsi bemeza ko ubukana buke bwa Omicron bushobora kuba ari impanuka gusa, kandi ko gukomeza kwiyongera kw'ingufu zikomoka kuri antigen (ingufu zikomoka kuri antigenic) bishobora kuzana ubwoko bushya.

Bitandukanye no gucika kw'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri no kwanduzanya, bihura n'igitutu gikomeye cy'ubwihindurize, ubusanzwe virusi iba ari "umusaruro" w'ubwihindurize. Virusi zirahinduka kugira ngo zirusheho gukwirakwira, kandi ibi bishobora no gutuma virusi yiyongera. Urugero, mu kongera umubare w'udukoko kugira ngo tworohereze kwandura, bishobora gutera indwara zikomeye kurushaho.

Si ibyo gusa, ahubwo no kuba virusi itera indwara bishobora gutera ingaruka nke cyane mu gihe virusi ikwirakwira iyo ibimenyetso bya virusi bigaragara cyane cyane nyuma y’ubwandu - nk’uko bimeze kuri virusi za grippe, virusi ya VIH na hepatitis C, ni ukuvuga nke, zifite umwanya uhagije wo gukwirakwira mbere yo guteza ingaruka zikomeye.

Isoko ry'amashusho kuri interineti

Muri ibyo bihe, bishobora kugorana kumenya uko ubwoko bushya bwa crown mutant buzamera bitewe n’ubukana buke bwa Omicron, ariko inkuru nziza ni uko urukingo rushya rwa crown rwagaragaje ko rwagabanyije ibyago byo kurwara bikomeye no gupfa ku bwoko bwose bwa crown mutant, kandi kongera cyane umubare w’inkingo z’abaturage biracyari uburyo bw’ingenzi bwo kurwanya icyorezo muri iki gihe.
Amashimwe: Iyi nkuru yasuzumwe mu buryo bw'umwuga na Panpan Zhou, PhD, Ishuri ry'Ubuganga rya Kaminuza ya Tsinghua akaba n'umukozi wa Postdoctoral Fellow, Scripps Research Institute, muri Amerika.
Omicron yipimisha antigen mu rugo