Ubushakashatsi bwibitekerezo bidahwitse mubushakashatsi bwa siyansi

Ubumenyi bwubuzima nubumenyi karemano bushingiye kubushakashatsi. Mu binyejana byashize, abahanga bagaragaje amategeko shingiro yubuzima, nkuburyo bubiri bwa helix ya ADN, uburyo bwo kugenzura gene, imikorere ya poroteyine, ndetse ninzira zerekana ibimenyetso bya selile, hakoreshejwe uburyo bwubushakashatsi. Ariko, mubyukuri kubera ko siyanse yubuzima ishingiye cyane kubushakashatsi, biroroshye kandi kubyara "amakosa yibyingenzi" mubushakashatsi - kwishingikiriza cyane cyangwa gukoresha nabi amakuru afatika, mugihe twirengagije ko ari ngombwa kubaka inyigisho, imbogamizi zishingiye ku buryo, hamwe n'ibitekerezo bikaze.Uyu munsi, reka dusuzume amakosa menshi akunze kugaragara mubushakashatsi bwa siyanse y'ubuzima hamwe:

Amakuru nukuri: Gusobanukirwa byimazeyo ibisubizo byubushakashatsi

Mu bushakashatsi bwibinyabuzima bya molekuline, amakuru yubushakashatsi akunze gufatwa nk 'ibimenyetso byerekana ibyuma'. Abashakashatsi benshi bakunda kuzamura ibisubizo byubushakashatsi mu myanzuro yubumenyi. Nyamara, ibisubizo byubushakashatsi akenshi biterwa nibintu bitandukanye nkibihe byubushakashatsi, ubuziranenge bwikitegererezo, ibyiyumvo byo kumenya, hamwe namakosa ya tekiniki. Ikigaragara cyane ni kwanduza kwiza muri fluorescence yuzuye PCR. Bitewe n'umwanya muto hamwe nubushakashatsi muri laboratoire nyinshi zubushakashatsi, biroroshye gutera aerosol kwanduza ibicuruzwa bya PCR. Ibi bikunze kuganisha ku ngero zanduye zikoresha agaciro ka Ct munsi cyane kuruta uko ibintu bimeze mugihe PCR ikurikiranye. Niba ibisubizo byubushakashatsi bitari byo bikoreshwa mu gusesengura nta vangura, bizaganisha gusa ku myanzuro itari yo. Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, abahanga bavumbuye binyuze mu bushakashatsi ko nucleus ya selile irimo poroteyine nyinshi, mu gihe igice cya ADN ari kimwe kandi bigaragara ko gifite “amakuru make”. Abantu benshi rero banzuye ko "amakuru akomoka ku ngirabuzima fatizo agomba kubaho muri poroteyine." Ibi rwose byari "umwanzuro ushyira mu gaciro" ushingiye kuburambe muri kiriya gihe. Mu 1944, ni bwo Oswald Avery yakoze urukurikirane rw'ibigeragezo nyabyo, yerekanye bwa mbere ko ari ADN, atari poroteyine, ari yo nyirabayazana w'umurage. Ibi bizwi nkintangiriro ya biologiya ya biologiya. Ibi birerekana kandi ko nubwo siyanse yubuzima ari siyansi karemano ishingiye ku bushakashatsi, ubushakashatsi bwihariye akenshi bugarukira ku ruhererekane rwibintu nkibishushanyo mbonera nuburyo bwa tekiniki. Kwishingikiriza gusa kubisubizo byubushakashatsi nta kugabanura byumvikana birashobora kuyobya ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi.

Rusange: guhuza amakuru yibanze muburyo rusange

Ibintu bigoye mubuzima byerekana ko igisubizo kimwe cyubushakashatsi akenshi kigaragaza gusa uko ibintu bimeze. Ariko abashakashatsi benshi bakunda guhita bashyira mubikorwa ibintu bigaragara mumirongo ngengabuzima, ibinyabuzima ntangarugero, cyangwa se urugero rwicyitegererezo cyangwa ubushakashatsi kubantu bose cyangwa ubundi bwoko. Ijambo rikunze kumvikana muri laboratoire ni: 'Nakoze neza ubushize, ariko sinshobora kubikora ubu.' Uru nurugero rusanzwe rwo gufata amakuru yaho nkuburyo rusange. Iyo ukora ubushakashatsi bwisubiramo hamwe nibice byinshi byintangarugero mubice bitandukanye, ibi bintu bikunze kubaho. Abashakashatsi barashobora gutekereza ko bavumbuye "amategeko rusange", ariko mubyukuri, ni ukwibeshya kubintu bitandukanye byubushakashatsi byashyizwe hejuru yamakuru. Ubu bwoko bwa 'tekiniki yibinyoma tekinike' bwari busanzwe mubushakashatsi bwa gene hakiri kare, kandi ubu buranagaragara rimwe na rimwe muburyo bwinjiza cyane nkurwego rumwe rukurikirana.

Raporo yatoranijwe: kwerekana gusa amakuru yujuje ibyateganijwe

Guhitamo amakuru yatoranijwe nimwe mubikunze kugaragara ariko nanone biteye akaga kwibeshya mubushakashatsi bwibinyabuzima. Abashakashatsi bakunda kwirengagiza cyangwa gupfobya amakuru adahuye na hypotheses, kandi bagatanga raporo y'ibisubizo byubushakashatsi "byatsinze", bityo bigatuma habaho ubushakashatsi bwumvikana ariko butandukanye nubushakashatsi. Iri kandi ni rimwe mu makosa akunze kugaragara abantu bakora mubikorwa byubushakashatsi bwa siyansi. Bashyizeho mbere ibisubizo byateganijwe mugitangira ryikigereranyo, hanyuma igeragezwa rirangiye, bibanda gusa kubisubizo byubushakashatsi byujuje ibyateganijwe, kandi bikuraho burundu ibisubizo bidahuye nibyateganijwe nk "amakosa yubushakashatsi" cyangwa "amakosa yibikorwa". Ihitamo ryamakuru ryungurura rizaganisha gusa kubisubizo bitari byo. Iyi nzira ntabwo ahanini yabigambiriye, ahubwo ni imyitwarire idasobanutse yubushakashatsi, ariko akenshi biganisha ku ngaruka zikomeye. Linus Pauling wahawe igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel yigeze kwizera ko vitamine C ikabije ishobora kuvura kanseri kandi “yerekanye” iki gitekerezo binyuze mu mibare y’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere. Ariko ibigeragezo byinshi byakorewe mubuvuzi byagaragaje ko ibisubizo bitajegajega kandi ntibishobora kwiganwa. Ubushakashatsi bumwe bwerekana ko vitamine C ishobora kubangamira ubuvuzi busanzwe. Ariko kugeza na nubu, haracyari umubare munini wibitangazamakuru byigenga bivuga amakuru yambere yubushakashatsi bwa Nas Bowling kugirango bamenyekanishe icyiswe uruhande rumwe rwo kuvura Vc kuvura kanseri, bigira ingaruka zikomeye kubuvuzi busanzwe bw'abarwayi ba kanseri.

Tugarutse ku mwuka wo kwishyira ukizana no kubirenga

Intangiriro yubuzima siyanse ni siyansi karemano ishingiye kubushakashatsi. Ubushakashatsi bugomba gukoreshwa nkigikoresho cyo kugenzura ibyerekanwe, aho kuba ishingiro ryumvikana ryo gusimbuza kugabanuka. Kugaragara kw'amakosa yibyingenzi akenshi bituruka kubizera buhumyi bwabashakashatsi ku makuru yubushakashatsi no gutekereza ku bitekerezo bidahagije hamwe nuburyo bukoreshwa.
Ubushakashatsi nicyo gipimo cyonyine cyo gusuzuma ukuri kw'igitekerezo, ariko ntigishobora gusimbuza ibitekerezo. Iterambere ryubushakashatsi bwa siyanse ntirishingiye gusa ku ikusanyamakuru gusa, ahubwo rishingiye no ku buyobozi bushyize mu gaciro hamwe na logique isobanutse. Mu iterambere ryihuta ryibinyabuzima bya molekuline, gusa dukomeje kunonosora uburyo bwo gukora igeragezwa, isesengura rifatika, hamwe nibitekerezo binegura dushobora kwirinda kugwa mu mutego wa empirisism hanyuma tukerekeza mubushishozi nyabwo bwa siyansi.